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Obverse |
11 | mGIŠ.tukul-ti-IBILA-é-šár-ra LUGAL dan-nu LUGAL ⸢KIŠ⸣ LUGAL ⸢KUR⸣ [da-šur] | (1) Tiglath-pileser, strong king, king of the universe, king of [Assyria], king of all the four quarters, encircler of all criminals, pious, provider for Ekur, select of the god Aššur, valiant young man, merciless mighty man who acts with the support of the gods Aššur and Ninurta, the great gods, his lords, and (thereby) has felled his foes, attentive prince who, by the command of the god Šamaš the warrior, has conquered by means of conflict and might from Babylon of the land Akkad to the Upper Sea of the land Amurru and the sea of the lands Nairi and become lord of all, strong gišginû who by the attack of his fierce weapons has caused the four corners (of the world) to quake so that the habitations convulsed — indeed on the battlefield he has put in their graves the dangerous enemies of the god Aššur and turned them into ghosts — storm-trooper whose fierce battle all princes of the (four) quarters dreaded so that they took to hiding places [like] bats and scurried off to inaccessible regions [like jerboa]; |
22 | LUGAL kúl-lat kib-rat 4-i mu-la-iṭ gi-mir tar-gi-⸢gi⸣ |
33 | ša-aḫ-tu za-nin é-kur bi-bíl lìb-bi da-šur eṭ-lu qar-du geš-ru la pa-du-ú |
44 | ša i-na GIŠ.tukul-ti da-šur ù dnin-urta DINGIR.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ EN.MEŠ-šu it-tal-la-ku-ma |
55 | ú-šam-qi-tu ge-ri-šu NUN-ú na-du ša i-na si-qir dUTU qu-ra-di |
66 | iš-tu URU.KÁ.DINGIR.RA.KI ša KUR.ak-ka-di-i a-di [A.AB].⸢BA⸣-e-le-ni-te ša KUR.a-mur-ri |
77 | ù A.AB.BA ša KUR na-i-ri i-na ta-áš-nin-⸢ti⸣ [ù] ⸢da⸣-na-ni qa-a-su ik-šu-du-ú-ma |
88 | i-pe-lu gim-ra giš-gi-nu-ú dan-[nu ša i]-⸢na⸣ ti-ib GIŠ.TUKUL.MEŠ-šu ez-zu-ú-te |
99 | tu-bu-qa-at er-bit-ta uš-ra-ab-bu-ma i-ḫi-il-lu da-ad-mu ù al-ṭu-ti na-ki-ru-ut da-šur |
1010 | a-šar tàq-ru-ub-ti a-na ḫal-te ú-kín-šu-nu-ma zi-qi-qi-iš um-mi |
1111 | dap-pa-a-nu šam-ru šá nap-ḫar ⸢mal⸣-ki.MEŠ ša kib-ra-a-te ⸢MÈ⸣-su ez-⸢zu⸣ [e]-⸢du⸣-ru-ma |
1212 | [ki-ma] ⸢šu⸣-ti-ni iṣ-ba-tu tu-⸢bu⸣-[qe-ti ù ki-ma ar-ra-be] ⸢iḫ⸣-tal-la-⸢lu er⸣-ṣe-et la ba-ʾi |
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1313 | ⸢DUMU⸣ da-šur-⸢SAG⸣-[i-ši MAN KIŠ MAN KUR] ⸢da-šur⸣ | (13) Son of Aššur-r[ēša-iši (I), king of the universe, king of] Assyria, son of Mutakkil-Nusku (who was) also [king of the universe (and)] king of Assyria: |
1414 | DUMU mu-tàk-kil-dnusku [MAN KIŠ] ⸢MAN⸣ KUR da-šur-ma |
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1515 | 3-šu a-na KUR.KUR ⸢na⸣-[i-ri lu]-ú al-lik DAGAL.MEŠ ⸢KUR⸣.[KUR na-i-ri] iš-tu KUR.tum₄-me | (15) Thrice I marched to the lands N[airi] (and) conquered the extensive lands [Nairi] from Tummu to the lands Daiēnu, Ḫimua, Paiteru, and Ḫabḫu. I received their tribute of teams of horses in harness. |
1616 | a-di KUR.da-ie-ni KUR.[ḫi]-mu-a KUR.pa-i-te-ri ù KUR.ḫab-ḫi |
1717 | lu ak-šud ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ ṣi-⸢im⸣-[da]-⸢at⸣ GIŠ.ni-i-ri ma-da-at-ta-šu-nu lu am-ḫur |
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1818 | 12 LIM ERIM.ḪI.A.MEŠ-at ⸢KUR⸣.[muš-ki].⸢MEŠ⸣ DAGAL.MEŠ i-na qé-reb ta-⸢ḫa⸣-[zi] qa-a-ti lu ik-šud | (18) I conquered 12,000 of the troops of the land of the extensive [Mušku] in battle. I laid out by means of the bow (lit. “at arrow point”) the corpses of their fighting men right through the plain. |
1919 | šal-ma-at qu-ra-di-⸢šu⸣-[nu muq-tab]-li i-na zi-qít mul-mul-[li e-li] pi-rík na-me-e lu-me-eṣ-ṣi |
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2020 | 4 LIM KUR.ú-[ru-ma-ia].MEŠ KUR.a-bé-eš-la-a.MEŠ [LÚ.MEŠ] KUR.ḫa-at-te₉-e | (20) I took (and) [uprooted] 4,000 U[rumu] (and) Abešlu, insubmissive [troops] of Ḫatti, (and) regarded them as people of my land. |
2121 | la-a ka-ni-še al-qa-a [as-su-ḫa a]-na UN.MEŠ KUR-ti-ia am-nu |
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2222 | KUR.lu-lu-me-e a-na si-ḫír-ti-šá KUR.sa-lu-a KUR.qum-me-ni KUR.kat-mu-ḫi | (22) I completely conquered the entire land of the Lullumu, the lands Salua, Qummēnu, Katmuḫu, and Alzu. |
2323 | ù KUR.al-zi a-na paṭ gim-ri-ši-na lu-ú ak-šud |
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2424 | i-na qí-bit da-nim ù dIŠKUR DINGIR.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ ⸢EN⸣.MEŠ-ia ⸢a⸣-na KUR-e lab-na-ni lu al-lik | (24) By the command of the gods Anu and Adad, the great gods, my lords, I marched to Mount Lebanon. I cut down (and) carried off cedar beams for the temple of the gods Anu [and Adad], the great gods, my lords. I continued to the land Amurru (and) conquered the entire land [Amur]ru. I received tribute from the city Arwad (and) the lands Byblos (and) Sidon (and) a crocodile (and) a large female monkey of the sea coast. Finally, upon my return I became lord of the entire land Ḫatti (and) imposed upon Ini-Tešub, king of the land Ḫatti, tax, tribute, and (impost consisting of) cedar beams. |
2525 | GIŠ.ÙR.MEŠ ša GIŠ.e-re-ni ⸢a⸣-na É da-nim [ù dIŠKUR] DINGIR.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ EN.MEŠ-ia |
2626 | [ak]-⸢ki⸣-is₅ áš-[ša-a] a-na KUR.a-mur-ri lu e-tiq KUR.[a-mur]-ri a-na si-⸢ḫír⸣-[ti-ša] ⸢lu⸣ ak-šud |
2727 | ma-da-at-ta ša URU.ar-ma-⸢da⸣ [KUR].⸢gu⸣-bal KUR.ṣi-du-⸢ni⸣ [nam]-⸢su⸣-ḫa pa-gu-ta GAL-[ti] ša a-aḫ A.AB.BA |
2828 | lu am-ḫur ù [i]-na ta-ia-ar-ti-⸢ia⸣ KUR.ḫa-at-te |
2929 | a-na si-ḫír-ti-ša lu a-pél |
3030 | ⸢GUN⸣ ma-da-at-ta ù GIŠ.ÙR.MEŠ ša GIŠ.e-[re-ni] i-na UGU mì-ni-⸢dte⸣-[šub] LUGAL ⸢KUR⸣.ḫa-at-te lu áš-kun |
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3131 | a-na URU.mi-li-di-a šá KUR.ḫa-at-te GAL-te lu-ú al-lik ma-da-at-ta ša al-lu-ma-ri | (31) I marched to the city Milidia of the great land Ḫatti. I received the tribute of Allumaru. I conquered the city Enzatu of the land Išua and the land Suḫmu. I uprooted prisoners (from) their (midst and) brought (them) to my land. |
3232 | lu am-ḫur URU.en-za-ta ša KUR.i-šu-a ù KUR.su-uḫ-me |
3333 | [ak]-šud ⸢šal-la⸣-su-nu as-su-ḫa a-na KUR-ti-ia ub-la |
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3434 | 28-šu EGIR KUR.aḫ-la-me-e-KUR.ar-ma-a-ia.MEŠ ÍD.pu-rat-ta MU 1.KÁM 2-šu lu e-te-bir | (34) I have crossed the Euphrates twenty-eight times, twice in one year, in pursuit of the Aḫlamû-Arameans. I brought about their defeat from the city Tadmar of the land Amurru, Anat of the land Sūḫu, as far as the city Rapiqu of Karduniaš (Babylonia). I brought their booty (and) possessions to my city Aššur. |
3535 | iš-tu URU.ta-ad-mar šá KUR.a-mur-ri URU.a-na-at šá KUR.su-ḫi ù a-di URU.ra-pi-qi |
3636 | šá KUR.kar-du-ni-áš dáb-da-šu-nu lu áš-kun šal-la-su-nu mar-ši-su-nu a-na URU-ia aš-šur ub-la |
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3737 | a-na KUR.kar-du-ni-áš lu-ú al-lik iš-tu e-ber-ta-an ÍD.za-ba-šu-pa-le-e | (37) I marched to Karduniaš (Babylonia). I conquered from the other side of the Lower Zab, the city Arman of Ugar-Sallu, as far as the city Lubdu. I crossed over the River Radānu. I conquered the cities at the foot of Mounts Kamulla (and) Kaštilla. I took out their booty (and) possessions (and) brought them to my city Aššur. |
3838 | URU.ar-ma-an A.GÀR.URU-sa-lum a-di URU.lu-ub-di lu ak-šud ÍD.ra-da-na |
3939 | lu-ú e-te-bir URU.MEŠ-ni šá GÌR KUR.ka-mul-la KUR.kaš-til-la lu ak-šud |
4040 | šal-la-su-nu bu-šá-šu-nu lu ú-še-ṣa-a a-na URU-ia da-šur lu-ú ub-la |
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4141 | i-na ger-ri-ia an-ni-im-ma a-na KUR.su-ḫi lu-ú al-lik URU.sa-pi-ra-ta šá MURUB₄ ÍD.pu-rat-te | (41) On this campaign of mine I marched to the land Sūḫu. I conquered (from) the city Sapiratu, an island in the Euphrates, as far as the city Ḫindānu (Ḫimdānu), all the cities of the land Sūḫu. I took prisoners from them, carried off their numerous gods and their property, (and) brought (them) to my city Aššur. |
4242 | a-di URU.ḫi-im-da-ni URU.MEŠ-ni gab-ba šá KUR.su-ḫi lu ak-šud šal-la-su-nu lu áš-lu-ul |
4343 | DINGIR.MEŠ-ni-šu-nu ma-du-te ù NÍG.GA.MEŠ-šu-nu lu áš-šá-a a-na URU-ia da-šur lu ub-la |
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4444 | i-na qí-bit dnin-urta ÁGA-⸢ia⸣ a-na KUR.kar-du-ni-áš lu-ú al-lik | (44) By the command of the god Ninurta, who loves me, I marched to Karduniaš (Babylonia). I conquered the cities Dūr-Kurigalzu, Sippar-of-Šamaš, Sippar-of-Anunītu, Babylon, Opis, which is on the far side of the Tigris, the great towns of Karduniaš (Babylonia) together with their fortresses. I brought about the defeat of their multitudes (and) took prisoners without number from them. I captured the palaces of Babylon which belonged to Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē, king of Karduniaš (Babylonia), (and) burnt them. In the eponymy of Aššur-šumu-ēriš (and) in the eponymy of Ninuāiia, twice, I drew up a battle line of chariots against Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē, king of Karduniaš (Babylonia), (and) defeated him. |
4545 | URU.BÀD-mku-ri-gal-zu URU.si-pír-šá-dUTU URU.si-pír-ša-da-nu-ni-te |
4646 | URU.KÁ.DINGIR.RA.KI URU.ú-pe-e ša GÌR am-ma-a-te ša ÍD.IDIGNA ma-ḫa-zi GAL.MEŠ |
4747 | ša KUR.kar-du-ni-áš a-di ḫal-ṣa-ni-šu-nu lu-ú ak-šud di-ik-ta-šu-nu ma-ʾa-ta |
4848 | lu-ú áš-kun šal-la-su-nu a-na la me-na lu áš-lu-ul É.GAL.MEŠ ša URU.KÁ.DINGIR.RA.KI |
4949 | šá mdAMAR.UTU-SUM-a-ḫi MAN KUR.kar-du-ni-áš lu-ú ak-šud i-na IZI.MEŠ lu áš-ru-up i-na li-me maš-šur-MU-KAM |
5050 | i-na li-me mni-nu-a-ia 2-šu si-di-ir-ta ša GIŠ.GIGIR.MEŠ |
5151 | iš-tu mdAMAR.UTU-SUM-a-ḫi MAN KUR.kar-du-ni-áš áš-ku-un a-duk-⸢šu⸣ |
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5252 | e-nu-ma É ša-ḫu-ru ša pa-an É la-bu-ni ša mGIŠ.TUKUL-dMAŠ a-bi ŠID aš-šur e-pu-šu | (52) At that time the house of the šaḫūru, which is in front of the house of the labūnu, which Tukultī-Ninurta (I) my forefather, vice-regent of Aššur, had built — I entirely cleared away this house and the wall as far as its surfaces at the back of the house of the old šaḫūru, which is in front of the house of the labūnu (and) which Aššur-nādin-aḫḫē my forefather, vice-regent of Aššur, a prince who preceded me, had built. I founded anew the house of those šaḫūru (and) made their foundation of limestone like bedrock. I made it fifteen “feet” longer and five and one-half “feet” wider. I reinforced the hall of terebinth on (both) sides, (each) six by six “feet”. |
5353 | É šu-a-tu a-na si-⸢ḫír⸣-ti-šu ù É.GAR₈ a-di pu-ta-ti-šu ša ku-tal-li-šu |
5454 | ša É ša-ḫu-ri-ma la-be-ru-te ša pa-an É la-bu-ni ša maš-šur-SUM-a-ḫi |
5555 | a-bi ŠID aš-šur NUN-ú a-lik pa-ni-ia e-pu-šu ú-né-kir₆ É ša-ḫu-ri |
5656 | ša-tu-nu a-na GIBIL-ut-te ad-di uš-še-šu-nu i-na NA₄.pe-e-li ki-ma ki-ṣir KUR-i |
5757 | ú-šèr-šid 15 GÌR.MEŠ ú-ri-ik 5 1/2 GÌR.MEŠ ú-ra-pe-eš 6.TA.ÀM i-na GÌR.MEŠ |
5858 | É GIŠ.bu-uṭ-ni ša pu-ti-šu ú-lab-bi-in |
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5959 | i-na GIŠ.e-re-ni ù GIŠ.ÙR.MEŠ ša i-na si-qir da-šur ù da-nim DINGIR.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ EN.MEŠ-ia | (59) With cedar and beams, which by the command of the gods Aššur and Anu, the great gods, my lords — (after) I had marched to Mount Lebanon — I had cut down, carried off, (and) installed (these) excellent beams in the temple of the gods Anu and Adad, the great gods, my lords: with the remains of the cedar I constructed the house of those šaḫūru from top to bottom. I entirely surrounded it with basalt slabs. I constructed the house of the labūnu, before (which) it (stands), of terebinth from top to bottom. I entirely surrounded it with white limestone slabs. (Thus) I constructed, completed, (and) decorated this palace in a splendid fashion with cedar and terebinth. |
6060 | a-na KUR.lab-na-ni al-li-ku-ma ak-ki-su-ú-ni áš-ši-an-ni GIŠ.ÙR.MEŠ SIG₅.MEŠ |
6161 | É da-nim ù dIŠKUR DINGIR.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ EN.MEŠ-ia ú-ka-i-nu-ú-ni i-na si-te-et |
6262 | GIŠ.e-re-ni É ša-ḫu-ri ša-tu-nu iš-tu uš-še-šu a-di gaba-dib-be-šu ar-ṣip |
6363 | i-na a-gúr-ri ša NA₄.AD.BAR a-na si-ḫír-ti-šu al-mi É la-bu-ni ša pu-ti-šu |
6464 | i-na GIŠ.bu-uṭ-ni iš-tu uš-še-šu a-di gaba-dib-be-šu ar-ṣip i-na a-gúr-ri ša NA₄.pe-e-li |
6565 | pa-ṣe-e a-na si-ḫír-ti-šu al-mi É.GAL-la šu-a-ti i-na GIŠ.e-re-ni |
6666 | ù GIŠ.bu-uṭ-ni ar-ṣip ú-šék-lil ú-šèr-riḫ ú-si-im |
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6767 | na-⸢ḫi⸣-ra ša ANŠE.KUR.RA ša A.AB.BA i-qa-bi-šu-ú-ni pa-ri-an-gi ep-šet qa-ti-ia | (67) I made replicas in basalt of a nāḫiru, which is called a sea-horse (and) which by the command of the gods Ninurta and Nergal, the great gods, my lords, I had killed with a harpoon of my own making in the [(Great)] Sea [of the land] Amurru, (and) of a live burḫiš which was brought from the mountain/land Lumaš [...] on the other side of the land Ḫabḫu. I stationed (them) on the right and left at my [royal entrance]. |
6868 | šá i-na siq-ri dMAŠ ù dIGI.DU DINGIR.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ EN.MEŠ-ia i-na A.AB.BA-- |
6969 | [(GAL-te) ša KUR.a]-mur-ri a-du-ku-ni bur-ḫi-iš ba-al-ṭa ša iš-tu KUR.lu-ma-áš |
7070 | [...]-te am-mi-te ša KUR.ḫab-ḫi na-ṣu-ú-ni tam-ši-li-šu-nu ša NA₄.AD.BAR e-pu-uš |
7171 | [ina né-reb LUGAL]-ti-ia im-na ù šu-me-la ú-ša-zi-iz |
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7272 | ù GIŠ.tas-ka-ri-⸢ni⸣ ša iš-tu GIŠ.ÙR.MEŠ ša ⸢GIŠ.e⸣-re-ni ak-ki-su-ú-ni áš-ši-an-ni | (72) Finally, with boxwood, [which] I had cut down (and) carried off with the cedar beams, I built a palace of weapons for my lordly leisure beside this cedar palace. I entirely surrounded its foundation with slabs of gišnugallu-alabaster. (Thus) I constructed (and) completed it from top to bottom with boxwood. I inscribed my monumental inscriptions (and) deposited (them) therein. |
7373 | [ina] ⸢i-ta⸣-at É.GAL GIŠ.e-re-ni ša-a-ti É.GAL GIŠ.TUKUL.MEŠ a-na mul-ta-ʾi-it |
7474 | ⸢EN⸣-ti-ia e-pu-uš uš-še-ša i-na a-gúr-ri ša NA₄.GIŠ.NU₁₁.GAL a-na si-ḫír-ti-ša |
7575 | lu-ú al-mi iš-tu uš-še-ša a-di gaba-dib-be-ša i-na GIŠ.tas-ka-ri-ni ar-ṣip |
7676 | ú-šék-lil NA₄.NA.RÚ.A.MEŠ-ia al-ṭu-ur i-na qer-be-ši-na áš-kun |
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7777 | É.GAL GIŠ.e-re-ni ši-i i-na pi-it ḫa-[si]-⸢si⸣ ù ni-kil lìb-bi e-pu-uš | (77) This cedar palace I built with understanding and skill (and) called it Egallugalšarrakurkurra, “Palace of the King of All [Lands]”. I [made it fitting] for my royal residence for eternity. As the former palaces — into which princes who preceded me, older kings down to my time, who constructed such palaces and (made them fitting) for royal [residences for eternity], would invite inside the god Aššur, my lord, and the [great] gods at the festivals of their city and make sacrifices [...] — (as) those palaces were not consecrated or designated as divine residences [but when a prince/king] built a palace, his gods would come inside (and) he would present therein sacrifices [to] the gods: as the numerous palaces, [which] the kings who preceded me did not consecrate or designate as divine residences, this cedar palace, first/one year, palace of the god Aššur, my lord, and the great gods [...] eternity, sacrifices were made before them (although) this palace was [not] consecrated or designated as a divine [residence] — the king and his [...] dwell therein. |
7878 | é-gal-lugal-šár-ra-kur-kur-ra É.GAL LUGAL kiš-⸢šat⸣ [KUR].⸢MEŠ⸣ MU-ša ab-be a-na šu-bat MAN-ti-ia |
7979 | ša da-ra-a-ti ú-⸢si?⸣-[im?] ki-i pi-i É.GAL.MEŠ-ma maḫ-ra-a-te ša NUN.MEŠ |
8080 | a-lik pa-ni-ia ⸢i-na⸣ MAN.MEŠ-ni la-be-ru-⸢te⸣ [a]-⸢di⸣ muḫ-ḫi-ia ša É.GAL.MEŠ-ma |
8181 | er-ṣi-pu-ma a-na [šu]-⸢bat⸣ MAN-ti-šu-nu ⸢da⸣-[ru]-ú i-na i-si-na-at URU-šu-nu |
8282 | ⸢d⸣a-šur EN ù DINGIR.⸢MEŠ⸣ [GAL].MEŠ a-na lìb-bi-⸢ši-na⸣ i-qa-ru-ú-ma UDU.SISKUR.MEŠ |
8383 | [i]-na-qu-ú [...]-⸢ú⸣ É.GAL.MEŠ ši-na-ti-na la qa-šu-da-ma a-na šu-bat DINGIR-ti |
8484 | [la] ša-ak-na [...] É.GAL-la e-pu-šu DINGIR.MEŠ-nu-šu a-na lìb-be il-lu-ku |
8585 | UDU.SISKUR.MEŠ [a-na] ⸢DINGIR⸣.MEŠ-ni i-na lìb-bi-ma i-ša-kan ⸢ki⸣-i pi-i É.GAL.MEŠ-te-ma |
8686 | ma-da-a-te ⸢LUGAL⸣.MEŠ a-lik pa-ni-ia la ú-qa-ši-⸢du⸣-ši-na-ma a-na šu-bat DINGIR-ti |
8787 | la iš-ku-nu [(...)] ⸢É⸣.GAL GIŠ.e-re-ni ša-a-ti MU 1.KÁM É.[GAL da]-šur EN ù DINGIR.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ |
8888 | [...]-x da-ru-ú UDU.SISKUR.MEŠ a-na pa-ni-šu-nu i-[na-qu]-ú É.GAL-lum ši-i |
8989 | [la qa]-⸢šu⸣-da-at ⸢a-na⸣ [šu-bat DINGIR]-ti la ša-ak-na-at LUGAL ⸢ù⸣ [...].⸢MEŠ⸣-šu ⸢i-na lìb-bi áš⸣-bu |
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9090 | [...] x e-nu-ma É.GAL GIŠ.e-re-ni [ši-i] | (90) [In the future, in days to come, may a] later [prince], when [this] cedar palace [...] becomes old and dilapidated, [restore its weakened portions either] with boxwood, [or ...] within them [...] |
9191 | [... ú]-⸢šal⸣-ba-ru-ma e-na-⸢ḫu⸣ [(...) tas]-⸢ka?⸣-ri-nu |
9292 | [... ina] ⸢qer⸣-be-ši-na |
9393 | [... NUN] EGIR-ú [...] da-šur [...] i-še-me | (93b) (Then) the god Aššur will listen to [his prayers]. |
9494 | ITI.ḫi-bur ša tar-ṣi ITI.GAN UD.18.KÁM ⸢li⸣-[mu m]⸢tàk⸣-lak-a-na-da-šur | (94) Month of Ḫibur, equivalent of the (Babylonian) month Kislīmu, eighteenth day, [eponymy] of [Ta]klak-ana-Aššur. |
Based on A. Kirk Grayson, Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC I (1114-859 BC) (RIMA 2), Toronto, 1991. Adapted by Jamie Novotny (2015-16) and lemmatized and updated by Nathan Morello (2016-17) for the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation-funded OIMEA Project at the Historisches Seminar - Abteilung Alte Geschichte of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. The annotated edition is released under the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike license 3.0. Please cite this page as http://oracc.org/riao/Q005929/.