Epic of Zimri-Lim (Guichard 2014)
| Obverse | ||
| Column i | ||
| o i 1o i 1 | (o i 1) Zimrī-Lîm, the wild bull of battle, I want to praise | |
| o i 22 | (o i 2) the hero, for ever I want to repeat his name, | |
| o i 33 | (o i 3) Zimrī-Lîm, the heir of Yaḫdun-Lîm, the foremost of Ḫanû, | |
| o i 44 | (o i 4) [the one who destroys] the wall of the enemy. | |
| o i 55 | (o i 5) [...] Mêr | |
| o i 66 | (o i 6) [listen attentively (to)] my words (about) the one who chases the foes, | |
| o i 77 | (o i 7) [(about) the one who subdues] his enemies, | |
| o i 88 | [eṭ-lum pé]-⸢ti⸣-íu gišŠUKUR mu-ut-⸢x-x⸣-ki/di? | (o i 8) [the hero] who opens a spear (...), |
| o i 99 | (o i 9) [the one who takes a land] after a land, | |
| o i 1010 | [zi-im-ri]-li-im pé-ti-íu gišŠUKUR mu-ut-⸢x-x⸣-ki/di? | (o i 10) Zimrī-Lîm, who opens a spear (...), |
| o i 1111 | (o i 11) who takes a land after a land. | |
| o i 1212 | (o i 12) In the precious heart, the gods have chosen his name, | |
| o i 1313 | (o i 13) may the command of Anu be pure, the wild bull of his land, | |
| o i 1414 | (o i 14) Zimrī-Lîm, the gods have chosen his name, | |
| o i 1515 | (o i 15) may the command of Anu be pure, the wild bull of his land. | |
| o i 1616 | ||
| o i 1717 | (o i 17) He has made the enemies of Enlil his enemies. | |
| o i 1818 | (o i 18) Between Ḫābur and Euphrates, | |
| o i 1919 | (o i 19) in the place (where) Storm-god has judged his judgement, | |
| o i 2020 | (o i 20) (where) he has raised his roar, (where) he has scattered his clan, | |
| o i 2121 | (o i 21) to the four quarters (of the world) he has dispersed his will. | |
| o i 2222 | (o i 22) The land looted properties of his (enemy?) hand, | |
| o i 2323 | (o i 23) pure gold in the town of Bisan. | |
| o i 2424 | (o i 24) He has torn the enemy like a knot of a rope, | |
| o i 2525 | (o i 25) the earth has drunk the blood of warriors. | |
| o i 2626 | (o i 26) Annunītum has walked by his right side, | |
| o i 2727 | (o i 27) the Storm-God has laid down the loudness of his cry, | |
| o i 2828 | (o i 28) he has laid down his cry, he has broken the spear of the enemy, | |
| o i 2929 | (o i 29) he has poured his poison onto the land, | |
| o i 3030 | (o i 30) Zimrī-Lîm, who has broken the spear of the enemy, | |
| o i 3131 | (o i 31) has poured his poison on his enemies. | |
| o i 3232 | (o i 32) (At) the front of the (battle) outburst (?), the fire of battle has broke out | |
| o i 3333 | (o i 33) Who is above you that he puts it (the fire) down? | |
| o i 3434 | (o i 34) You have opened a narrow pass of the mountains, | |
| o i 3535 | (o i 35) of which(?) a bolt has shut the door (of) stone panels. | |
| o i 3636 | (o i 36) Zimrī-Lîm, who has opened the doors of the fortress(?) | |
| o i 3737 | (o i 37) of which(?) a bolt has shut the door with stone bars(?). | |
| o i 3838 | [x x x x x ma]-⸢tim?⸣ ka-li-ši | |
| o i 3939 | [x x x x x x]-x-am tu-ra-am-mi du-un-na-aš-ši | |
| o i 4040 | ||
| o i 4141 | [x x x x x da]-⸢ra⸣-am tu-ša-aš-ki-in šum-ka | |
| o i 4242 | [...] x ⸢e⸣-te-él-le-et | |
| o i 4343 | [...] x ⸢ta?⸣-aš-ku-un | |
| o i 4444 | [...] ⸢x-ka⸣ | |
| (rest of column missing) | ||
| Column ii | ||
| o ii 1o ii 1 | zi-im-ri-⸢li⸣-[im ...] | (o ii 1) Zimrī-Lîm [...] |
| o ii 22 | ki-ma pé-er-di-im x [...] | (o ii 2) like an equid [...] |
| o ii 33 | ip-pa-an ki-iṣ-ra-[tim ...] | (o ii 3) in front of the contingent [...] |
| o ii 44 | (o ii 4) rider on the steed [...] | |
| o ii 55 | (o ii 5) Before him, [there is] nothing opposing him. | |
| o ii 66 | (o ii 6) May the enemy be soaked like [a clay in the water (?)] | |
| o ii 77 | (o ii 7) In the back, no deserter escaped, | |
| o ii 88 | ||
| o ii 99 | ||
| o ii 1010 | (o ii 10) the dust storm has turned against them. | |
| o ii 1111 | (o ii 11) He did not fear (thanks to?) the one walking on his right side [and his left side.] | |
| o ii 1212 | (o ii 12) The son of Enlil, Lāgamal, the lord, | |
| o ii 1313 | (o ii 13) and his reinforcements have prevented the fleeing of warriors. | |
| o ii 1414 | (o ii 14) He harvested his (enemy?) troops like a reed, | |
| o ii 1515 | (o ii 15) the warriors were caused to be fallen like a tamarisk. | |
| o ii 1616 | ||
| o ii 1717 | (o ii 17) As the Storm-God was made resplendent forever | |
| o ii 1818 | (o ii 18) Zimrī-Lîm, the leopard of battles, | |
| o ii 1919 | (o ii 19) the strong one, who binds the evil, the one who destroys the enemy, | |
| o ii 2020 | (o ii 20) opened his mouth, saying, | |
| o ii 2121 | (o ii 21) speaking to his men: | |
| o ii 2222 | (o ii 22) "A womb has created you, | |
| o ii 2323 | (o ii 23) a mother, just like you, has given a birth to me! | |
| o ii 2424 | (o ii 24) The same battle is upon me! My face has changed!(?) | |
| o ii 2525 | (o ii 25) The four quarters (of the world) are hostile to you | |
| o ii 2626 | ù ma-a-tum [x] ⸢ga?⸣ x ⸢ta?⸣ ri/⸢ur? šu-še-ra-nim⸣ | |
| o ii 2727 | na-ak-ru-um ⸢pa?⸣-[ḫi]-⸢ir?⸣ x ⸢MI? x tim? x na?-tum?⸣ | (o ii 27) The enemy is assembled (...) |
| o ii 2828 | a-na ta-ḫa-⸢zi-im⸣ [e-pé-ši-im a-na-ku lu-uš-te-še]-er | (o ii 28) To the battle, [the action(?), I] want to get ready!" |
| o ii 2929 | (o ii 29) [The wild bull] of kings, the firm one, just as he [achieved his goal] (?) | |
| o ii 3030 | ⸢zi-im⸣-ri-li-im ku-nu-um ki ⸢ša⸣ ḫa-⸢da-an⸣-[šu i-ka-ša-du] | (o ii 30) Zimrī-Lîm, the firm one, just as he [achieved] his goal (?) |
| o ii 3131 | (o ii 31) he ordered his sukkallu, | |
| o ii 3232 | (o ii 32) (his) sugāgū he commanded: | |
| o ii 3333 | (o ii 33) "My warriors, the Ḫananeans, may they come close to me, | |
| o ii 3434 | (o ii 34) my herdsmen, may they report for duty before me, | |
| o ii 3535 | (o ii 35) in conscript, | |
| o ii 3636 | (o ii 36) Let me act according to your counsel!" | |
| o ii 3737 | (o ii 37) Having heard this speech of his, | |
| o ii 3838 | (o ii 38) Ašmad, the merʾû, speaks to him: | |
| o ii 3939 | (o ii 39) "Why do you worry (about) the Šubarean? | |
| o ii 4040 | (o ii 40) The fire of your battle cannot be repelled. | |
| o ii 4141 | (o ii 41) (There is) a chilling fear (in) the shadows of the forest trees | |
| o ii 4242 | (o ii 42) their tree-trunks, to the appearance (there is) no digging of an axe blade. | |
| o ii 4343 | (o ii 43) Subartu is scattered like a sheep on the pasture. | |
| o ii 4444 | (o ii 44) There, for a soldier a travel provision is placed, | |
| o ii 4545 | (o ii 45) Zimrī-Lîm, may they see your heroism, | |
| o ii 4646 | (o ii 46) may [the people for] ever praise your name." | |
| o ii 4747 | (o ii 47) [The king rejoiced over] the word of the merʾû, his servant. | |
| o ii 4848 | [x x x x x x x ki-ma] ⸢e⸣-ṣí-du-ut ú-ga-ri-im | |
| o ii 4949 | [x x x x x x x x x x] ⸢ik⸣-tu-um | |
| o ii 5050 | [x x x x x x x x x x x]-x-um | |
| o ii 5151 | [x x x x x x x x x x x] ⸢am⸣ | |
| o ii 5252 | [...] | |
| o ii 5353 | [...] | |
| Reverse | ||
| Column iii | ||
| r iii 1r iii 1 | (r iii 1) (With) their reinforcements he filled up the steppe. | |
| r iii 22 | (r iii 2) Clothed with armour, to ask for mercy (was) a taboo of his, | |
| r iii 33 | (r iii 3) Everyone who faced him is felled, | |
| r iii 44 | (r iii 4) the donkeys seem ruined and scattered, | |
| r iii 55 | (r iii 5) the warriors are (left) fallen, each by himself, | |
| r iii 66 | (r iii 6) the environ is covered in their blood. | |
| r iii 77 | (r iii 7) Until the king has achieved his goal, | |
| r iii 88 | (r iii 8) and Ida-Maraṣ was subjected under his feet, | |
| r iii 99 | (r iii 9) he (only) drank water of water-skins, | |
| r iii 1010 | (r iii 10) counted with the soldiers, everything was torture. | |
| r iii 1111 | (r iii 11) Great (were) the huntsmen who went with him, | |
| r iii 1212 | (r iii 12) like an onager (eating) straw in the steppe, | |
| r iii 1313 | (r iii 13) his men ate meat, | |
| r iii 1414 | (r iii 14) they gained courage; they gained strength. | |
| r iii 1515 | (r iii 15) Zimrī-Lîm goes at the front like a (divine) emblem, | |
| r iii 1616 | (r iii 16) having turned to the one who was without power, he encourages him: | |
| r iii 1717 | di-in-na-ma i-te-ru-ba | (r iii 17) "Be strong and enter(?), |
| r iii 1818 | (r iii 18) the enemy sees your valour!" | |
| r iii 1919 | (r iii 19) Their bodies are taken up with fire, | |
| r iii 2020 | ||
| r iii 2121 | (r iii 21) They are equipped with daggers, swords and spears, | |
| r iii 2222 | [i-du]-⸢úš?⸣-šu-⸢nu⸣ i-šu-ur-ru ul-mu | |
| r iii 2323 | (r iii 23) [For] removing (?) (what is) left of the steppe. | |
| r iii 2424 | (r iii 24) Walking [at the front] (was) the most able Ištar. | |
| r iii 2525 | i-nu-ma x [...] x ⸢ú x x⸣ NA/DU-AZ/UK-ŠUM | (r iii 25) When (...) |
| r iii 2626 | (r iii 26) He appointed his governors [on the banks] of the river. | |
| r iii 2727 | (r iii 27) Those of gods who were not called, [he requested them to] accompany (him). | |
| r iii 2828 | (r iii 28) Quickly, they answered the king: "Yes!" | |
| r iii 2929 | (r iii 29) The heartland was kindled with a battle. | |
| r iii 3030 | (r iii 30) The hero does not go on a campaign by himself, | |
| r iii 3131 | (r iii 31) the king, by the command of Dagān, the lord, | |
| r iii 3232 | iṣ-ṣa-am-ma-ar e-li mu-ti ki-im-ti-šu | |
| r iii 3333 | (r iii 33) Zimrī-Lîm, by the command of Dagān, the lord, | |
| r iii 3434 | (r iii 34) his support (is) Itūr-Mêr, the warrior. | |
| r iii 3535 | (r iii 35) Oh, he saw his sign, (revealed by?) the āpilu, the hero of his land, | |
| r iii 3636 | (r iii 36) the king gained his courage (and) strength, | |
| r iii 3737 | (r iii 37) Addu goes on his left, | |
| r iii 3838 | (r iii 38) Erra, the savage, on his right. | |
| r iii 3939 | (r iii 39) He placed his contingents on the banks of the Ḫābur river, | |
| r iii 4040 | mu-ša-am-ma a-na pa-ni-šu-nu e-bi-ir | (r iii 40) At night, he stepped in front of them, |
| r iii 4141 | (r iii 41) he summoned the diviners, he purified: | |
| r iii 4242 | (r iii 42) "Šamaš, the hero, answered me, | |
| r iii 4343 | (r iii 43) this very day, I will capture the enemy, | |
| r iii 4444 | ||
| r iii 4545 | ḫu-us-sà na-ak-ri-ku-nu ki-[i x x x] x | (r iii 45) beat up your enemy like [a ...]" |
| r iii 4646 | (r iii 46) His warriors heard the speech [of his lips. (?)] | |
| r iii 4747 | (r iii 47) Like one (large) bird-trap they entrapped [their enemy,] | |
| r iii 4848 | ša ip-pa-ar-ši-du [...] | (r iii 48) who escaped [...], |
| r iii 4949 | (r iii 49) who passed by was crooked [...]. | |
| r iii 5050 | zi-im-ri-li-im na-[...] | (r iii 50) Zimrī-Lîm [...] |
| r iii 5151 | mi-iš-li ⸢na?⸣-[ak-ri ...] | (r iii 51) (in?) the centre of enemies [...] |
| r iii 5252 | zu-⸢bi⸣ [...] | |
| r iii 5353 | LUGAL x [...] | (r iii 53) the king [...] |
| r iii 5454 | ḪI-x [...] | |
| Column iv | ||
| r iv 1r iv 1 | [x x x x x x]-⸢am⸣ iḫ-pí | |
| r iv 22 | [x x x x] ⸢ú⸣-ša-aš-ki-in | |
| r iv 33 | [x x x] ú-ma-al-li ma-a-tam | |
| r iv 44 | (r iv 4) [those who] answered Zimrī-Lîm (with) hostility, | |
| r iv 55 | (r iv 5) they did not live, they died. | |
| r iv 66 | (r iv 6) Once the king has accomplished his goal, | |
| r iv 77 | (r iv 7) he entered before Nunamnir, | |
| r iv 88 | (r iv 8) in Ekisiqqa he sacrificed his sacrifice, | |
| r iv 99 | (r iv 9) in the midst of Terqa, the beloved (city) of Dagān, | |
| r iv 1010 | (r iv 10) life, abundance and strength | |
| r iv 1111 | (r iv 11) from Dagān, Zimrī-Lîm requested. |
1 One may be very well tempted to reconstruct Itūr in the lacuna . This was done e.g . in the translation by Miglio (2017 : 231 ). However , Guichard comments on this line and argues that this reconstruction is impossible (2014 : 27–28).
2 Miglio 2017 : 231 , note 7 , translates : “He (Anu ) exalted” , reading ú-ša-ar-bi-ma.
3 Guichard reconstructs GIŠ.IG.ḪÁ ša-du-i (?), “vantaux de la montagne (?)” as a parallel with i : 35–37 . I am not completely convinced by this reconstruction and I leave it rather unreconstructed.
4 Wasserman (2015 : 55 ) disagrees with this interpretation and suggest translating ‘red deer , stag’ from Akk . lulīmum , connecting it with the first millennium material
5 Probably the tamarisk’s = of the enemies.
6 Following the suggestion on Wasserman (2015 : 55 ), I take šu-še-ra-nim as a Š-stem form of ešērum and not wuššurum as Guichard (“Libérez(-le ) pour moi!” , “Liberate it (the land ) for me” ). It makes more sense to me as a parallel with ii : 28 . Nevertheless , both options make enough sense to me.
7 See CAD P : piḫru ‘mng . unknown’ ; Mari : ‘elite troops’ . However , this term seems to reference ‘recruitment , conscript’ in Mari , derived from CDA : 277–278 puḫru 2 , ‘gathering of clan , family , people , land , etc.’ . For the interpretation as ‘recruitment , (regular ) conscript’ , see discussions in Guichard 2014a : 48 , and LAPO 17 : 196–197 and 362 , translation of Miglio (2017 : 233 ), or a brief reference in Hamblin 2006 : 192.
8 Šiwītu is not interpreted neither in CAD Š : 147 nor in CDA : 378 (šiwiātum ). I have no better suggestion than Guichard , who connects this word with verb šawûm , ‘to roast’ in parallel with the previous line (2014a : 58 ). The same interpretation is followed by Miglio (2017 : 233 , note 33 ), too.
9 Guichard translates “Les haches (aiguisées ) à leur côté fulminaient” , connecting išurrū with the adjective šērum , ‘fierce’ (2014a : 60 ). Miglio , on the other hand , translates “(With ) weapons menacing their [x x ] x” and connects the verb with the Ugaritic root š-r (2017 : 233 ). I am not particularly convinced by any of these suggestions , while I do not have a better one . Therefore , I leave this verb untranslated.
10 Guichard translates “pouvait compter sur les guerriers de son clan” , but his explanation in the commentary (2014a : 63 ) does not seem very clear to me . The word should be derived from ṣamāru , ‘to wish , strive for’ respectively with its derivate tiṣmuru , ‘intent , anxious’ and I cannot find the logic by which its meaning is transferred to ‘count on , rely on’ . Also , the reference to ARM XXVI/1 : 393 seems not very helpful to me , since there Durand only translates ti-iṣ-ma-ra as ‘soyez ardent’ . Miglio translates “Inspected his men (who were like ) his family” without any explanation (2017 : 234 ). I guess this interpretation could be based on CAD Z : zamāru B , ‘to account for , to count (?)’ . I leave this part untranslated for now.
11 In ARM XXVI/1 : 363 , Durand suggested reading d[i-in-na ], ‘be strong’ , in parallel with the imperative in tiṣmurā . While I like this reconstruction better , it is not in accord with Guichard’s reading of the first and last signs.
Transliteration based on Guichard 2014, translation by František Válek. The annotated edition is released under the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike license 3.0. Please cite this page as http://oracc.org/nere/Q009326/.